Political unrest is a state of social and political instability characterised by protests, strikes and other forms of collective action. It is triggered by economic factors that undermine people’s quality of life and faith in their government, and can escalate into violence. Corruption, inequality, and authoritarianism are among the most common causes of unrest.
Climate change is also a growing cause of unrest. It has contributed to a rise in global food prices, caused resource scarcity and displacement, and led to conflict over access to water. It has also triggered widespread protests, as seen by movements such as Extinction Rebellion and Just Stop Oil.
Widespread demonstrations, usually involving thousands of people, can be the first sign of civil unrest. These often start with a single issue that resonates with the public. In many cases, a high-profile incident of corruption, inequality or authoritarianism prompts them to demand transparency and reform. Movements advocating for racial or social justice, for example, typically have peaceful aims but can turn violent when they feel the state is repressing rather than embracing reform.
Other factors that can trigger political unrest include economic disruption, globalisation and rapid cultural changes that leave traditional groups behind. This polarises societies and can be exploited by demagogues and nationalists who aim to gain money, power and influence through scapegoating. Lastly, relative deprivation – the gap between people’s expectations of what they deserve and their value capabilities – can fuel anger and frustration that leads to unrest.